Many people think of addiction as something that either exists or doesn't - like flipping a switch. The reality is quite different. Addiction, whether to substances or behaviours like gambling, gaming, or pornography, typically develops gradually over time if left unchecked. Understanding this progression isn't just academic - it helps us recognise warning signs early, know when to seek help, and remember that at any point in the journey, positive change is possible. Let's explore how addiction tends to develop in stages.
The Jellinek Curve
One helpful way to understand how addiction develops is through the Jellinek Curve. Developed in 1952, this visual model traces the path of addiction from its early stages through to rehabilitation and recovery. While the Jellinek Curve is a valuable tool, it’s not the sole way to understand progression and does have certain limitations. Despite its constraints, it provides a helpful framework to grasp the path many individuals experience as they progress into dependency, and then hopefully onwards to the stages of rehabilitation and recovery.
Let's explore each phase of this journey, looking at examples for both substance addiction (using alcohol as an example) and behavioural addiction (using pornography as an example). If you're specifically concerned about pornography use, you might want to read our article, 4 Warning Signs You're Developing a Pornography Addiction.
Note: These examples are intended to help understand the progression of addiction and should not be used as a basis for any clinical diagnosis.
1. Progressive Phase (Initiation & Experimentation)
During this early phase, we typically see:
- Occasional, recreational to regular using
- Use becomes tied to the idea of relief (coping)
For example:
- With alcohol, an individual might begin having a few drinks at weekend parties. Over time, they start having a drink or two after work to "unwind," gradually increasing to daily drinking.
- With pornography, someone might start occasionally viewing pornography out of curiosity. They begin to use it as a way to relieve stress or boredom, with viewing sessions becoming more frequent and longer.
2. Crucial Phase (Problem Use)
This phase is characterised by:
- Steady increase in using
- Development of denial (justification and rationalisation)
- Activities increasingly revolving around using
- Early signs of negative consequences
For example:
- With alcohol, a person might start drinking more heavily, perhaps having blackouts. They might miss work due to hangovers or make promises to cut back but fail to do so.
- With pornography, viewing might become a daily habit, often interfering with sleep or work. The individual may need to seek out more extreme content to achieve the same level of excitement. They may try to stop but find themselves unable to do so for more than a few days.
3. Chronic Phase (Dependency)
At this stage, we typically see:
- Frequent and/or lengthy periods of using
- Development of physical dependence (tolerance and withdrawal)
- Presence of psychological dependence
- Efforts to control using fail
- Significant consequences and unmanageability appear
For example:
- With alcohol, drinking might become an all-day affair. The individual may lose their job, damage important relationships, or face legal troubles due to their drinking.
- With pornography, the person might spend several hours a day viewing pornography, neglecting work, relationships, and personal care. They may engage in risky online behaviours or spend significant money on pornographic content or data, potentially leading to financial problems or relationship breakdowns.
4. Fatal Phase (Cycle of Addiction)
This phase is characterised by:
- Ongoing using
- Total loss of control over using (powerlessness)
- Complete preoccupation and compulsion
- Severe consequences, chaos and collateral damage
- Progression in degree and severity of using
For example:
- With alcohol, the individual may experience severe health problems like liver disease or face life-threatening situations due to intoxication.
- With pornography, the addiction completely dominates the person's life. They may lose their job, family, and sense of self-worth. Some may engage in illegal activities related to their addiction.
The Good News: Rehabilitation and Recovery
Here's the most important thing to understand: recovery is possible at any stage. You don't have to hit "rock bottom" to begin turning things around. The Jellinek Curve shows us two crucial phases after the Fatal Phase - Rehabilitation and Recovery.
5. Rehabilitation Phase
During this phase, people typically experience:
- Dismantling of denial and recognition of the need for change
- Acceptance of powerlessness and unmanageability
- Honest desire for help and willingness to seek it
- Abstinence and detox (for substance addictions)
- Therapeutic intervention
- Physical and mental improvement
- Growing hope
For example:
- With alcohol, an individual may acknowledge that they can't control their drinking and seek help through a recovery group. They commit to sobriety, begin attending regular meetings, and start experiencing better sleep and improved mental clarity after a few weeks without alcohol.
- With pornography, a person might recognise that their pornography use is destroying their relationships and mental health. They install blocking software, join a support group, and start experiencing reduced anxiety and shame as they maintain periods of abstinence.
If you're recognising yourself in any of these stages, our Exodus Recovery Skills programme provides practical tools and support for beginning your recovery journey.
6. Recovery Phase
In this phase, individuals experience:
- Renewed self-care practices
- Spiritual growth
- Rebirth of ideals and values
- Healthier thinking patterns
- Increase in emotional control
- Restoration in relationships
- Growing self-worth
- Steps towards economic stability
- New interests
- Experience of contentment
For example:
- With alcohol, the recovering individual might develop healthy routines, rebuild trust with family members, and find fulfilment in new hobbies. They learn to handle stress without drinking and begin saving money previously spent on alcohol. Their work performance improves, and they find joy in sober activities they once thought would be boring without alcohol.
- With pornography, the person may develop healthy intimate relationships based on genuine connection rather than objectification. They rediscover productive hobbies, improve their sleep schedule, and experience deeper spiritual connection. Their self-worth improves as they maintain recovery and help others struggling with similar challenges.
The Nature of Recovery
Recovery is often misunderstood as a quick fix or a simple matter of "getting clean." In reality, it's a comprehensive process that requires time, dedication, and patience. Think of it like recovering from a major injury - just as a broken bone needs weeks to heal properly, rebuilding a life affected by addiction takes sustained effort and time.
The brain needs a minimum of three months to begin healing and forming new patterns. Physical health must be restored through consistent self-care. Emotional and spiritual growth unfolds gradually through sustained effort. Our Life Recovery Plan can help you create a structured approach to this healing process. These changes can't be rushed or shortened - they each need their own time to develop fully.
This is why having realistic expectations is so important. When people expect too much too soon, they can become discouraged when facing inevitable challenges. Understanding recovery as a journey helps both individuals and their supporters maintain perspective and hope through difficult times.
Moreover, recovery isn't something that's ever truly "finished." Like any journey of personal growth, there's always room for further development and improvement. That's why many people in long-term recovery describe themselves as being "in recovery" rather than "recovered" - they recognize that maintaining and building upon their progress is a lifelong commitment.
Conclusion
Understanding addiction as a progressive condition rather than a fixed state is crucial for several reasons. First, it helps dispel the myth that addiction is simply a matter of poor choices or weak willpower. Second, it highlights the importance of early intervention - the earlier in the progression that someone seeks help, the easier it typically is to arrest the progression. Finally, it provides hope by showing that just as addiction develops in stages, recovery also unfolds as a step-by-step journey of healing and transformation.
If you recognise yourself or a loved one in any stage of this progression, know that you don't have to wait until you hit "rock bottom" to seek help. Many people mistakenly believe they need to lose everything before they can begin recovery. The truth is that recovery can begin at any point - whether you're just starting to notice problematic patterns or dealing with severe addiction.
Project Exodus offers a range of support services designed to meet you wherever you are in your journey:
- Addiction Recovery Groups that provide community support and practical tools for sustainable recovery
- Supporters' Recovery Groups for family members and loved ones affected by addiction
- Educational resources and workshops to better understand and overcome addiction
- Specialised programmes for specific challenges like pornography addiction
Remember, addiction thrives in isolation, but recovery flourishes in community. You don't have to figure this out alone. Whether you're dealing with substance use, pornography, gambling, or other addictive behaviours, there is hope and help available. Take that first step today by reaching out to Project Exodus or attending one of our recovery groups. Your journey to freedom and wholeness can begin right now.
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